Biodiesel is an alternative energy that can replace diesel fuel. The process of making biodiesel in the triglyceride transesterification reaction produces a byproduct called glycerol, which is approximately 10% of the amount of biodiesel produced. Currently, glycerol has not been processed much so it still has a low selling value. Therefore, glycerol processing is necessary in order to convert …
Methylamine can be made synthetically through the reaction between ammonia (NH3) and methanol (CH3OH). One of its main uses is as a raw material in the production of various chemical compounds such as pesticides, explosives, medicines and other organic chemicals. The establishment of the Methylamine factory aims to meet production needs for factories operating in the pharmaceutical, food and he…
Alpha Olefins are linear hydrocarbons with a double bond at the alpha position, such as 1-Butene, 1-Hexene, and 1-Octene. The production of Alpha Olefins is considered a basic chemical product because they are used as raw materials for the production of other chemicals. In Indonesia, Alpha Olefins are used as comonomers for the production of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and High-Dens…
The beverages processed at street vendors are those produced through specific processing methods, either with or without other ingredients. These drinks typically use fresh ingredients or raw materials prepared beforehand. This study aims to identify the total bacteria and fungi, as well as to detect contamination by Coliform and E. coli, and to assess the prevalence of E. coli O157 and Vibrio …
Drynaria sparsisora is an epiphytic fern species belonging to the Polypodiaceae family. Several species within this genus have been reported to exhibit anti- inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. This study aimed to isolate secondary metabolites from the chloroform extract of D. sparsisora and evaluate their antifungal activity. The chloroform extract wa…
CaO catalyst impregnated with SiO2 (silica) is a heterogeneous catalyst that is widely used in transesterification reactions for biodiesel synthesis. However, the yield of biodiesel produced is not optimal, due to the small surface area and stability of the catalyst, requiring modification with other types of metal oxides such as Fe₂O₃. Fe₂O₃ has high porosity and stability thus can inc…
Fungi are one of the promising microorganisms for the discovery of new drug candidates as antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. One of the microorganism that is thought to be used as a producer of new antimicrobials is Penicillium sp. LBKURCC34 and LBKURCC38 from the peat soil of the primary forest of the Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB), Riau Province. The metabolomic an…
Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria are still a public health problem in the world. Therefore, the search for sources of bioactive compounds, especially antimicrobials and antioxidants, continues along with the increasing resistance of bacteria to existing antibiotics. One of the fungi isolated from local peat soil in Riau is Penicillium sp. LBKURCC34 and LBKURCC39 which has antimicrobial …
Laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) is a p-diphenol: dioxygen oxidoreductase classified as a multi-copper protein and has broad substrate specificity. The potential of laccase as one of the enzymes produced from fungal isolate Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1 has been reported in the enzymatic degradation of several chemical compounds such as synthetic dyes. This research f…
Some studies inform that Allium cepa L. onions contain secondary metabolites that have the potential as natural antioxidants and as inhibitors to inhibit α-amylase activity. Therefore, the antioxidant potential and α-amylase inhibition of three different types of shallots, namely onions, Brebes and Solok were tested and it is suspected that these three shallots contain different secondary me…
Laccase enzyme (E.C1.10.3.2: oxygen oxidoreductase) is a multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation process of various types of organic and inorganic compounds such as mono, di- and polyphenol compounds, aminophenols, methoxyphenols, substituted phenols, diamines, aromatic amines and ascorbic acid. Laccase is an oxidoreductase enzyme produced by various organisms, primarily fungi. This re…
Silica Catalyst (SiO2) is a heterogeneous catalyst that can be used in producing diesel precursors through hydroxyalkylation-alkylation (HAA) reactions. Silica (SiO2) as a catalyst material has a high surface area, good chemical and thermal stability, but lacks better adsorption capacity and catalytic activity, hence the addition of sulfate groups is necessary. The addition of sulfate functiona…
Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) of the California variety are waste containing secondary metabolites which are thought to have potential as antioxidants and inhibitors of the α-amylase enzyme. Therefore, in this study, the antioxidant and α-amylase capabilities of California papaya varieties were determined. California papaya seeds, both fresh and dried, were extracted with three solvents, na…
Carica papaya Linn var. Bangkok adalah tumbuhan genus Carica yang beberapa bagian dari tumbuhan ini antara lain akar, daun, batang, buah, biji buah memiliki manfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh. Biji pepaya diduga memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai senyawa antioksidan dan inhibitor α-amilase, oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini ditentukan kemampuan antioksidan dan inhibitor …
Monstera deliciosa Liebm is a tropical plant belonging to the Araceae family which originates from tropical rainforests in Central America. M. Deliciosa contains secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and phenolics which have quite good anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. This research aims to isolate and characterize alkaloid compounds …
Papaya seed (Carica papaya) is a plant material derived from the papaya fruit that is not maximally utilised and becomes waste that is not used by the community. Papaya seeds have active components in the form of proteins that can act as coagulant agents. This study aims to prepare, characterise and determine the effectiveness of the effect of particle size and solvent concentration on papaya s…
The synthesis of biodiesel using a CaO-SiO₂ catalyst derived from blood clam shells (CaO) and palm kernel shell fly ash (SiO₂) has been conducted. The results obtained thus far are not yet optimal, as the surface area and catalytic activity remain low. To enhance the surface area of the catalyst, the addition of metal oxides, such as Fe₂O₃, is necessary. ............................
The CaO-SiO2 catalyst is a type of heterogeneous catalyst widely used in biodiesel production. Modifying the CaO-SiO2 catalyst by adding Fe2O3 can enhance its catalytic activity, surface area, and increase the number of active sites, resulting in a higher biodiesel yield. The aim of this study was to synthesize the CaO-SiO2/Fe2O3 catalyst from blood clam shells, coconut husks, and Fe2O3 powder …
The mango seed contains active components, such as proteins, which can act as coagulant agents (biocoagulants). This study aims to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the effectiveness of mango seed as a biocoagulant for the removal of color, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) in peat water. Mango seed biocoagulants were prepared using dry grinding (PK) an…
Heterogeneous base catalysts are commonly used as substitutes for homogeneous catalysts in the transesterification reaction for biodiesel synthesis, with CaO being a prominent example. CaO can be obtained from blood clam shells through calcination at temperatures above 700℃. However, CaO catalyst has a relatively low surface area, necessitating modifications, such as the addition of Fe2O3, to…