ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the challenges faced by Indonesia in implementing the CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) with Switzerland, particularly in relation to palm oil exports, and to examine the ideal CEPA concept that should regulate palm oil exports between the two countries. Palm oil is one of Indonesia's strategic export commodities that is expected to be…
ABSTRACT The sea is one of the ecosystems that experiences the greatest damage as a result of the presence of marine debris, especially plastic. In the northern Pacific Ocean, rubbish from countries directly bordering the Pacific Ocean gathers there and gives rise to a large collection of rubbish, which is called the great Pacific garbage patch. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is then div…
ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the main issues in international environmental law that continues to receive global attention. One of the projects in the spotlight is the Willow Project, a fossil fuel exploitation project in the Arctic region that has sparked international controversy. This project is considered to have minimally conducted adequate environmental studies and shows an imbalanc…
ABSTRACT As one of the largest archipelagic countries in the world, Indonesia possesses vast and strategically significant airspace that encompasses some of the busiest trade and aviation routes in the Asia-Pacific region. The management of this airspace constitutes a critical component in safeguarding national sovereignty and security. However, to this day, parts of Indonesia’s strategic ai…
ABSTRACT Along with the development of science and technology, techniques and tools of warfare have also developed. Humans have created weapons of war that are highly effective in crippling opponents. As technology has developed, so has the inhuman and destructive nature of these weapons, one of these being the cluster bomb. Many countries oppose the use of cluster bombs since they have a …
ABSTRACT Internationally, there is no international agreement in the form of specific legal protection for animal welfare, so that animal welfare protection only relies on the study of relevant international guidelines. Therefore, there are no international standards that can ensure legal protection for animal welfare. In this writing the author focuses on legal protection efforts for animals …
UNCLOS 1982 is a manifestation of the desire of countries to unify views on the regulation of maritime law that can be accepted universally. UNCLOS 1982 provides guidelines in the event of international maritime law disputes, one of which is Arbitration whose decision is final and binding. However, in practice, rejection and disobedience to arbitration decisions are not uncommon. In this thesis…
The current situation of climate change raises concerns for low-lying island nations located in the Pacific Ocean, where sea level rise threats these countries for losing their territories. This has led people to relocate, even crossing the international borders of their country to continue their lives, and in some literature, these individuals are known as environmental refugees. This type of…
The WTO as a world trade organisation has a dispute settlement system that allows member countries to comply with the results of the dispute decision through the provisions stipulated in the Dispute Settlement Understanding. Dispute settlement is carried out by the WTO body, the Dispute Settlement Body and has several stages of settlement, namely consultations, Panels, and Appellate Body. Since…
Article 27 letters (g) and (h) of the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities regulates that state parties must employ persons with disabilities in the government sector and promote employment for persons with disabilities in the private sector through appropriate policies and measures which may include concrete action programs, incentives and other steps. Based on data from …
International law regulates almost all state activities. There are laws regarding the use of sea, air, space and Antarctica. There are laws that regulate postal telecommunications services, the transportation of goods and passengers, as well as finance. International law also pays great attention to issues of nationality, extradition, the use of armed force, human rights, environmental protecti…
The Strait of Malacca is a shipping lane sandwiched between the Malaysian Peninsula and Sumatra Island in Indonesia. It is about 805 km or 500 miles long with a width of 65 km or 40 miles on the south side and the further north it gets, the wider it is around 250 km or 155 miles. 2003, the Strait of Malacca was navigable every day with transport goods totaling more than ten million barrels whic…
Indonesia as an archipelagic country has full rights to sovereignty (sovereignty) of its 12 mile territorial waters and sovereign rights (sovereignty rights) to the waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), additional zone and continental shelf. Indonesia is also one of the largest archipelagic states in Asia and the second largest in the world. The aim of this research is to find out how to…
Many countries overexploit without paying attention to the sustainability of the sea and the resources within it. In addition, measures to preserve and protect the marine environment are often ignored and not implemented optimally. Actions of this kind not only harm the country concerned, but also other countries located around the country concerned. The Montara Oil case which occurred in the T…
The Indonesian Government's steps in making decisions regarding policies both from an international perspective have given birth to national policies that play an active role both in terms of prevention and response, and of course have the aim of being able to run effectively, efficiently and optimally, so as to be able to create national goals and country as stated in the fundamental norms and…
Ukraine is nicknamed the breadbasket of Europe because of its abundant agricultural production in the European region. Apart from Ukraine, Russia is also another major supplier of wheat to the world market. Russia is also the largest producer and exporter of oil, natural gas and coal, dominating the global fertilizer trade and becoming the largest fertilizer exporter. On February 24, 2022, Russ…
Cases of human rights violations in the state's internal conflict occurred in Myanmar, where the Myanmar military took over the Myanmar government again. The coup, which began on February 1, 2021, was the beginning of the military's return to power in Myanmar. In the past, the coup was carried out on the grounds that the government in power at that time was unable to maintain the integrity of t…
The IMF is an international organization that is responsible for managing the global financial system and providing loans to its member countries to help with problems of balancing each country's financial balance. The objectives of the IMF are stated in the articles of agreement of the international monetary fund, in articles (i) to (vi), one of which is to provide financial assistance to memb…
Cross-border trade has existed for a long time and is growing rapidly. The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded in 1995, regulates international trade with principles inherited from GATT. Indonesia, as a member of the WTO, implements halal certification obligations for foreign products in accordance with Government Regulation no. 39 of 2021. However, this implementation can create trade barr…
Indonesia as a country that has an archipelago is very closely related to sea transportation modes. Ship are a mode of transportation that is often found in Indonesian water, both local and foreign ships often operate in the Indonesian archipelagic sea lanes. In Indonesia activitirs from the sea contribute 3% of emissions due to exhaust gases, this is because currently the majority of ships sti…