CD Disertasi
Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove Di Sekitar Kawasan Bekas Tambang Bauksit Pulau Bintan
Bintan Island in the Riau Archipelago has a high potential for bauxite metal. Bauxite mining activities on Bintan Island generally have not applied the concept of good mining management (good mining practice) during operation to post-mining. Although some bauxite mining activities on Bintan Island have stopped, the remaining environmental damage from these activities is still visible in a number of areas, especially mangrove areas in the coastal areas of Bintan Island. There has been no effort to restore (restoration) to the damage to the mangrove forest around the mine site. This condition persisted for years. If it continues, the impact will not only result in ecological losses, but even the social and economic aspects of the people who use mangroves will be affected. Even though the benefits of mangrove forests around the bauxite mining area of Bintan Island will continue if the existence of the mangrove forest can be maintained. Efforts to reduce the negative impact of bauxite mining activities around the mangrove forests of Bintan Island are through planning for the management of mining areas and mangrove ecosystems starting from the ecological, social and economic aspects.
The research method uses a multidimensional scaling approach through the Rapid Appraisal for mangrove ecosystem ordinance technique. Observations were carried out during June to December 2021. Sampling of ecological, economic and social data was carried out at four locations which are former bauxite mining areas on Bintan Island, namely around the Carang River and Senggarang Village, Tembeling Tanjung Village and Wacopek Village. Ecological data analysis includes the existing condition of water quality and sediment and heavy metals; mangrove community structure, mangrove health; identification of mangrove morphology and accumulation of heavy metals in mangroves; economic data includes the economic valuation of mangrove forests; Social data includes community perceptions of changes in mangrove area, causes of mangrove damage, the impact of mangrove damage and pollution on the utilization of mangrove forest resources, management and rehabilitation of mangrove forests. MDS data processing of sustainability index values using Rapfish software which is then modified into RApMEc (Rapid Appraisal for Mangrove Ecosystem) by adjusting the attributes on the ecological, social, economic, legal and institutional dimensions as well as technology for mangrove forest management around the former bauxite mining area. . Meanwhile, the strategy for sustainable mangrove forest management around the former bauxite mining area uses a prospective analysis using Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA) software.
The results of observations on the existing conditions of environmental quality indicate that the physical, chemical and sediment parameters still meet the quality standards for the mangrove environment and the surrounding biota. However, based on the analysis of the pollution load index (PLI) and the geoaccumulation index (I-Geo) it shows that the mangrove forest ecosystem around the former bauxite mining area of Bintan Island has been contaminated with heavy metals even though it has not been polluted. The value of heavy metal content of Pb and Cr in sediment and water also showed lower values compared to coastal locations based on the literature. The value of Pb metal tends to be higher than that of Cr in water, sediment, and mangrove organs on Bintan Island.
The value of mangrove species density can be used to determine the level of damage to the mangrove ecosystem around the former bauxite mining area of Bintan Island. Based on the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment Number 201 of 2004 concerning Standard Criteria and Guidelines for Determining Mangrove Damage, the average density of mangroves in the study area is classified as moderate to damaged. Even though based on the density level of mangrove trees, it has shown damage, at the research location there are still sapling and seedling categories of several types of mangroves. The species frequency values found from the entire sampling plot were found in the tree category ranging from 0.06 to 0.81; tiller category ranged from 0.03-0.78 and seedling category ranged from 0.0-0.31. The highest tree, tiller and seedling strata were R. mucronata and R. apiculata, followed by A. marina, C. tagal and B. gymnorhiza. The highest species dominance value from each research location for the tree category was also found in R. mucronata, followed by R. apiculata and A. alba. Meanwhile, in tiller strata, the highest mean value was found in R. mucronata, followed by R. apiculata, A. marina and X. granatum.
Of the 131 mangrove trees found around the former bauxite mining area, 43.5% of the trees are classified as damaged. Although the condition of the mangrove trees was mostly healthy (56.5%), there were also cases of trees that suffered light to moderate damage. Based on the comparison with other research results, it also shows that the average number of leaves from R. mucronata trees is relatively smaller, the leaf size is smaller, the root length of the breath is shorter, the diameter of the tree trunk is smaller, and the tree height is relatively short. Other morphometric characteristics when compared with the literature indicate that the trunk diameter of A. marina trees tends to be smaller and the tree height is lower. In addition, the leaf size found has a smaller average size, and the number of leaves in each branch is less.
The absorption mechanism of Pb and Cr R. mucronata has a TF value < 1 and BCF > 1. This value indicates that the absorption mechanism carried out by R. mucronata is classified as phytostabilization or plants that effectively translocate pollutants from the soil to the roots. The results of the calculation of TF for Pb metal in A. marina also show a TF value < 1, but for Cr metal there is a TF value > 1, namely in the Senggarang and Tembeling areas. These differences indicate that A. marina in the Carang and Wacopek River areas, the heavy metal absorption mechanism is classified as a phytostabilization mechanism, while in
the Senggarang and Tembeling areas it is classified as a phytoextraction mechanism.
Based on the results of the regression test between Pb and Cr metals in the sediment and roots on the stem diameters of R. mucronata and A. marina, Sig. of 0.22 and 0.84 greater than 0.05. Value of Sig. These results indicate that there is no significant effect between the presence of Pb and Cr metals on changes in stem diameter of R. mucronata and A. marina. However, based on the correlation value between sediment Cr concentration and R. mucronata rod diameter, it was obtained p value 0.05 means no significant effect.
Based on the percentage of benefits of mangrove forests around the former bauxite mining area, it shows that the value of indirect benefits is greater (91.84%) than direct benefits (1.54%), optional benefits (6.54%) and existence benefits (0. 08%). When compared with the economic valuation of the mangrove forest in Muara Angke DKI Jakarta, which covers an area of 327.7 Ha, the TEV value is Rp. 305,186,036/Ha/Year (Santoso, 2012), the value of the benefits of the mangrove forest around the former bauxite mining area on Bintan Island is considered lower. which is only Rp. 2,785,691/Ha/Year. This shows that the utilization of the mangrove forest around the former bauxite mining area of Bintan Island has not been optimally utilized even though the forest area is still relatively high compared to Muara Angke DKI Jakarta.
The community also believes that the impact of pollution from post-bauxite mining activities affects the mangrove forest and the biota in it. Around 84.5% of respondents stated that they agreed that the impact of the pollution resulted in the reduction of the number and types of mangroves. In addition, about 82.7% of respondents stated that they agreed that the impact of pollution from post-bauxite mining activities resulted in a reduction in the number and types of catch biota around the mangroves. Another perception is that around 74.6% of respondents stated that they agree that people who consume caught/cultivated biota from mangrove forests around the post-bauxite mining location can be contaminated with heavy metals.
Based on the results of the questionnaire to the respondents, it is known that most of the people living around the bauxite mining location are not affected by their economic activities with the mining business. This is in line with the results of in-depth interviews with key informants who stated that the residents who dominate in the Carang and Senggarang River areas are private employees/laborers, while there are only a few fishermen. Based on the results of the questionnaire regarding the health of the residents after the bauxite mining around their settlements, it shows that most of the residents experience health problems due to bauxite mining activities. According to 72.1% of respondents
stated that there was a conflict between the community and mining companies, and as many as 27.9% of respondents stated that there was no conflict. Conflicts that occur due to disturbances that arise due to mining activities on people's daily lives such as dust disturbances due to lorries/trucks transporting bauxite sediments that do not use tub covers/covers, so that the soil falls on the road and the dust flies during the dry season. The existing community institutions in the research location have not yet been formed. Currently, the supervision of the ex-bauxite mining area is completely left to the Government. Meanwhile, the management of mangrove forest areas is only carried out through groups of fishermen who are generally passive in the Carang, Senggarang and Wacopek River areas. The Tembeling area has a group of fishermen who are more active in managing their mangrove forests because they have succeeded in utilizing and developing mangrove products such as making mangrove syrup.
The results of the ordination analysis of the five dimensions of the sustainability of mangrove forests around the ex-bauxite mining area of Bintan Island, both on the horizontal and vertical axes, show that there are differences in sustainability status in the ordinance of bad (bad, 0%) to good (good, 100%) for each dimension analyzed. The results of the analysis of the analysis of the sustainability status of the mangrove forest around the former bauxite mining area of Bintan Island generally show a good level of sustainability, although only three dimensions (economics and technology) fall into the fairly good category. This can be seen from the sustainability index of all dimensions, which ranges from the lowest of 17.62 to the highest of 69.94. Improvement of all attributes of all dimensions (especially the economic and technological dimensions) by means of appropriate policy interventions needs to be carried out so that the level of sustainability of mangrove forest management around the former bauxite mining area on Bintan Island becomes better. The attributes of these levers must be the basis for conducting policy interventions.
Based on the results of the prospective analysis, the attributes that are included in the determining factors (driving variables) and dependent factors (output variables) are obtained. Found 8 determining factors that affect the management of mangrove forests around the former bauxite mining area. Management of mangrove forests around ex-mining areas (MsTB) is an interaction between coordination between stakeholders (Stakeholder coordination - Sc), economic valuation of mangrove forests (Valuation economy - Ve), law enforcement and social conflict (Law and Conflict - LaC), local government policies (Government policy – Gp), community involvement in mangrove rehabilitation and management (Community involvement – Ci), spatial planning and legality of mangrove areas and bauxite mines (Spatial planning and legality – SPaL), environmental pollution monitoring technology and mangrove rehabilitation in former areas bauxite mining (Technology – T), community participation and perception (Cpp) which can be written in functional terms as follows: MsTB = f (Sc, Ve, LaC, Gp, Ci, SPaL, T, Cpp).
Based on the results of research data processing using prospective analysis, it is known that the index value of the sustainability of mangrove forest
management around the former bauxite mining area of Bintan Island can still be improved further than the existing condition. By making changes to the key factors that have been analyzed using RApMEc. The dimensions that have increased sustainability status include economic, social, legal and institutional dimensions as well as technology. Therefore, the preparation of this management strategy uses the results of data analysis in the form of the best sustainability index value rather than the existing condition.
Based on the results of this study, three (3) strategies for managing the mangrove forest ecosystem around the former bauxite mining area of Bintan Island are proposed. The first strategy regarding institutional strengthening, governance and regulation of mangrove ecosystem management and bauxite mining is intended so that mangrove management and bauxite mining activities become the focus of attention of the government as the main policy maker, but must coordinate, communicate and collaborate with other relevant stakeholders. The second strategy is about community empowerment which is intended to make the management program more effective and efficient. The role of the community is needed in mangrove management because the results and benefits of mangrove management are also aimed at meeting community needs. While the third strategy is intended so that the technical use of bauxite resources can be carried out by mining entrepreneurs in a responsible manner for the impact of the damage it causes. So that the effort to use bauxite economically is also in line with efforts to maintain the function of the source environment. Meanwhile, the recommended rehabilitation and restoration techniques have been carried out in various other mining areas, such as mining for tin, iron ore, gold, sea sand and so on. It's just that the Bintan Island area needs to adapt to its ecological characteristics in the effort to rehabilitate the mangroves. The design of restoration and rehabilitation of mangroves on Bintan Island should be carried out with original designs and not regretfully, which means that the rehabilitated mangroves are mangroves that can be recovered according to the original, natural and can actually grow with the hydrodynamic characteristics of the coast of Bintan Island as well. In addition, the improvement of environmental conditions is also intended so that the rehabilitated mangroves can also regenerate themselves, not just survival against environmental changes.
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