CD Disertasi

Model Kemitraan Pola Inti Plasma Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan Di Provinsi Riau

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The expansion of the palm oil industry in Indonesia cannot be separated from the contribution of smallholder oil palm plantations which will reach 49 million tonnes in 2021, an increase of 2.9% from 2020 production of 48.3 million tonnes. Among the 26 provinces in Indonesia, Riau Province has the largest area of oil palm plantations in 2021, which is 19.16% of the total area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. In 2021, palm oil production in Riau will reach 10.27 million tons. This amount is the highest in Indonesia and accounts for 20.66% of national palm oil production. According to BPS, the status of oil palm plantation concessions in Indonesia in 2022 is estimated at 8.4 million hectares (54.63%) managed by large private plantations, 6.38 million hectares (41.48%) managed by smallholder plantations, and 0.6 million hectares (3.9%) managed by large State plantations. Then, based on contributions during 2016-2022, large private plantations (PBS) controlled 60.85% of Indonesia's total palm oil production, followed by smallholder plantations (PR) at 34.1% and large state companies (PBN) at 5.1%. Furthermore, according to the Riau Provincial Plantation Service, the total area of smallholder oil palm plantations in 2021 will be 1.44 million hectares (ha) with a total partnership of 320,065 hectares (ha). Inti Plasma Palm Oil Plantations in Riau Province consist of smallholdings of 149,955 ha with a total area of 74,997 households, Primary Member Cooperative Credit Plantations (KKPA) covering an area of 129,285 ha with a total of 64,573 households, and 20% smallholding facilitation plantations covering an area of 40,783 ha, where there are still 1.12 million hectares that have not partnered. In general, oil palm plantations serve many functions, including economic, social, and environmental issues specific to agriculture. Oil palm plantations help economically, socially, and environmentally to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From an ecological perspective, oil palm plantations help to conserve carbon dioxide and oxygen cycles, rehabilitate land, conserve soil and water, increase land biomass and carbon stocks, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions/improve peatlands. Based on these ideals, the Indonesian palm oil industry continues to develop sustainably. Departing from these conditions, the government has carried out several initiatives to encourage the strengthening of the involvement of smallholders in sustainable oil palm plantations by regulating several policies for the development of oil palm plantations in a holistic manner. In 2008, the Indonesian government issued the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification System (ISPO), which was amended in 2015. Indonesia was the first country to issue Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) based on Minister of Agriculture Regulation no. 11 of 2015. However, due to overlapping regulations between ISPO (Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil) and RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil), it has confused plantation company owners and smallholder/self-help smallholder groups. ISPO Certification
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Performance (As of June 2022) with a total of 664 certificates for private large plantations, 63 certificates for large state plantations, and 32 certificates for smallholder plantations, for a total of 759 certificates. The number that has undergone a transition period is 621 and the remaining 138 have not yet undergone a transition period. People's Plantation consists of 15 certificates of Cooperatives, 7 certificates of KUD, 2 certificates of Bumdes, and 8 certificates of Association/Gapoktan, with a total of 32 certificates obtained. Therefore, the solution that can be taken to overcome this problem is a cooperation between large companies that act as the nucleus, and oil palm smallholders as plasma to consistently implement these sustainability principles. Large companies can collaborate with partner smallholders in managing oil palm plantations. Farmers are assisted by companies to obtain sustainable certification through training, seminars, and similar socialization activities. Large companies also benefit because they can obtain a larger supply of fresh fruit bunches, but do not need to open new land. By maximizing existing smallholding land, both owned by companies and partner smallholders, sustainable palm oil production can continue while being committed to efforts to preserve the environment, especially in sustainable management of peatlands that will have an impact on the welfare of society as a whole. The partnership pattern that has been developed so far has not found the right pattern for the development of sustainable smallholder oil palm plantations, even though currently facing challenges in rejuvenating oil palm, improving the FFB trading system, and ISPO certification. Most of the smallholder oil palm plantation partnerships in Riau Province have been replanted through the People's Oil Palm Rejuvenation (PSR) program during the 2017-2022 period. With the various problems experienced by the plasma smallholder institutions, after replanting there are quite several plasma smallholder institutions that do not continue the plasma nucleus partnership and tend to carry out management independently. Ideally, the nucleus plasma palm plantation partnership is one of the instruments of cooperation that refers to the creation of an atmosphere of balance, harmony, and skills based on mutual trust between partner companies and groups through the realization of partnership synergies, namely the establishment of relationships that are mutually beneficial, mutually beneficial and mutually reinforcing. In the process, mass production of the palm oil requires large-scale land conversion which results in Indonesia experiencing annual primary forest loss. Plantation growth is an economic solution to meet market needs, but when there is environmental damage and social conflict, then of course it is contradictory to the goal of sustainability. Based on this, this research is crucial to be carried out to find a partnership model for the plasma core pattern of sustainable oil palm plantations. Therefore, this study aims to find a partnership model for the plasma core pattern of sustainable oil palm plantations in Riau Province. Materials and Methods: This research uses mixed research methods (mixed methods) between qualitative and quantitative approaches. The data of this research uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) with stakeholders managing oil palm in Riau Province. Secondary data in this study were obtained from various online news media content, books, journals, reports, proceedings, and several archives
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related to research. Data collection techniques using documentation and interview techniques. The collection technique is focused on collecting data related to the palm oil plasma core partnership as well as various views from stakeholders by using the Ncapture feature on Chrome and inputted into the Nvivo 12 Plus application. Apart from using documentation and interview techniques, survey techniques were also used to distribute questionnaires to obtain quantitative data. Furthermore, observation techniques are used to further emphasize or explore data that strengthens the quantitative and qualitative findings. This data analysis takes a sample, using Stratified Cluster Sampling so that each region is selected as a representative sample. In each of the selected clusters, two types of respondents were taken, namely respondents from oil palm plasma participants (BUMN or private companies) and respondents from the surrounding area (local communities) who carry out oil palm farming activities (pure self-help). From the two locations of each cluster, samples were drawn using systematic random sampling, with certain criteria, including 1) plasma participant communities, the selected respondents were farmers who had converted their land for oil palm plantations; 2) the non-plasma community respondents are drawn who carry out oil palm farming activities that have produced FFB; 3) the two sample groups taken were farmers whose oil palm plantations were at the optimum age. Sampling to measure quantitatively in this study is to use the accidental sampling technique. The accidental sampling technique is a method of sampling based on coincidence and is homogeneous without any particular characteristics. There are three analyzes used, namely: qualitative interactive analysis, farming analysis, and Nvivo 12 Plus analysis. Results and Discussion: The existing condition of smallholder oil palm plantation management in the plasma nucleus partnership pattern in terms of ecological, economic, as well as social and legal aspects of governance in Riau Province shows that the dimensions that are highly highlighted in the implementation of its development are social and legal aspects (37.93%), followed by economic aspects (34.48%), and ecological aspects (27.59%). In partnerships that are designed to include health insurance points and employment guarantees for oil palm smallholders, strengthening understanding of the rules and laws that apply to sustainably managing oil palm plantations, compliance with government regulations regarding FFB prices, and strengthening the ecological aspects in implementation partnership which so far has not been a serious concern by each stakeholder. The implementation of the nucleus-plasma partnership pattern for oil palm plantations in Riau Province consists of three typologies, namely the nucleus-plasma partnership by companies (42.86%), the nucleus-plasma partnership by smallholders (28.57%), and the nucleus-plasma partnership by cooperatives (28.57%). Based on these three typologies, the nucleus-plasma partnership pattern by companies has a dominant level of urgency and is considered a relevant nucleus-plasma partnership pattern in Riau Province because it allows for the transfer of knowledge, skills, and technology to industry players. The factors that strengthen the plasma nucleus partnership pattern for oil palm plantations in Riau Province are influenced by the dimensions of knowledge and technology (50.0%), followed by the dimensions of capital and investment (33.33%), and the dimensions of
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marketing locations (16.67%). Essentially, the dimensions of knowledge and technology will make it possible to improve the quality of production in the agricultural and plantation sectors, as well as make it easier for managers to achieve optimal work results. However, technology in the agriculture and plantation sectors in several areas in Riau Province is still not optimal and unable to be widely applied because it is necessary to consider several factors such as natural conditions, availability of experts who operate equipment and strengthening community skills in using technology. Participation Social networks in implementing the plasma nucleus partnership scheme for oil palm plantations in Riau Province consist of various actors involved in the management of oil palm plantations which show variability between actors including Governors, Regents, Sub-District Heads, Village Heads, Heads of Provincial and District Plantation Services, Banking, Political Figures, Companies, Entrepreneurs Associations, Farmers Associations, Community Leaders, Traditional Leaders, Heads of Local Environment Units (SLS) RT/RW, Agricultural Extension, Village Unit Cooperatives (KUD), and Village Facilitators. In the process, the existence of variability of involvement between actors does not guarantee that all parties have equal access in its realization, where there is still complexity regarding the position and dominance of power between influential actors in building relationships, collaboration, collective action, trust, and collaboration that has collective goals. For this social network to become institutionalized, all parties involved need to interact regularly and build trust with each other over time and pay attention to various dimensions such as Plantation Management, Yield Marketing, Cultivation Techniques, and Sustainable Development along with the implementation of relevant partnership patterns in sustainable palm oil development efforts. The design of the Partnership Model in the palm oil industry in Riau Province needs to adopt the "Equal" Partnership model which has been recommended with the existence of three oil palm partnership entities, namely companies, smallholders, and smallholder institutions. In this partnership model, the company is the nucleus and farmers and cooperatives are the plasma. Throughout the process, the resulting partnership model has gone through various crucial stages such as identifying the parties participating in the partnership and defining their respective roles and responsibilities, determining the functions and responsibilities of each party who actively supervises and fosters the parties. who signs the partnership agreement, determines the parties that support the implementation of the partnership agreement, and determines the strengthening factors for the implementation of the partnership agreement. Substantively, the novelty proposed in this study consists of two aspects, namely technical and substance aspects. The technical aspect includes the importance of the principles of accountability and transparency, while the substance aspect is the addition of "added value" and "morality" aspects in the "equal" partnership concept. These two aspects must be combined with the concept of equality between the company as the core and the smallholders as the plasma. Thus, this partnership model with a technical and substance approach will produce a sustainable nucleus-plasma pattern partnership.
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Conclusion: Based on the results of this study it can be seen that the design of the partnership model in the palm oil industry in Riau Province needs to adopt the "Equal" Partnership model with the existence of three partnership pattern oil palm entities namely companies, smallholders, and smallholder institutions. In this partnership model, the company is the nucleus, and the farmer and cooperative are the plasma. Then, two crucial aspects need attention, namely technical and substance aspects. The technical aspect includes the importance of the principles of accountability and transparency, while the substance aspect is that there must be "added value" and "morality" in the "Equal" partnership concept. Therefore, this "equivalent" partnership model with a technical and substance approach will result in a sustainable nucleus-plasma pattern partnership.
Bibliography: 83 (from 1990 to 2023)

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

2110346992

Penerbit

Pekanbaru : Universitas Riau – Pascasarjana – Disertasi Ilmu Lingkungan., 2023

Deskripsi Fisik

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Bahasa

Indonesia

ISBN/ISSN

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Klasifikasi

2110346992

Tipe Isi

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Tipe Media

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Tipe Pembawa

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Edisi

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Subjek

ILMU LINGKUNGAN

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

FATAH

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