Domestic wastewater is a complex environmental problem that requires effective treatment technologies. The most widely used biological treatment today is Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS), but CAS has shortcomings such as poor sludge settling performance, high energy consumption, requires a large area, long hydraulic retention time, produces CO2 gas and produces excessive sludge and l…
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is wastewater derived from the production of crude palm oil (CPO) that can pollute water bodies. Generally, POME is treated using conventional systems, but the treated POME still contains nutrient-rich organic compounds such as carbohydrates, organic acids, and nitrogen. The remaining organic compounds can be utilized as a growth medium for microalgae and …
Palm oil production in Riau Province reached 8.97 million tons in 2022 along with the wastewater produced. Each ton of oil palm fresh fruit bunches will produce 0.7- 0.8 m3 of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) which is treated with conventional systems. However, the conventional system produces greenhouse gases and residual nutrients that can be utilized by microorganisms through mutualism …
Indonesia's palm oil industry has increased by an average of 8% per year, resulting in an increase in wastewater. The production of one ton of palm oil will produce 2.5 tons of wastewater or Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) which is treated with an open pond system. The open pond system still leaves greenhouse gases (GHG) and nutrient content that can be utilized in the formation of Granul…
One of the current technological developments that is very rapid in society is motorcycles. The increase in the number of motorcycle transportation causes the use of lubricating oil to increase, because in general, every certain distance or range of 3,000 to 5,000 kilometers of lubricating oil must be immediately replaced with a new oil of 1 liter. Each replacement will certainly produc…
This research was carried out in a power plant unit with a total working area of 745 m2, which is a unit that is a source of electrical energy to support all activities at PT KPI RU II Sei Pakning. The source of electrical energy comes from a generator engine which operates continuously for 24 hours, producing continuous loud noise, which will increase sound exposure to workers and incr…
The growth in the number of car vehicles in Indonesia continues to experience development along with the use of oil as an engine lubricant that continues to increase every year. The availability of large amounts of used oil waste must be managed quickly because used oil is acidic and contains residues that are hazardous to the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the …
Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Eter is a chemical that enhances fuel octains and reduces the production of toxic hydrocarbons. The plant is planned to operate 330 days a year and operate continuously 24 hours a day with a capacity of 55,000 tonnes a year to be established in Serang, Banten. The selected company form is a Limited Company with a line and staff organization system. The employee's wo…
The need for fuel oil (BBM) in Indonesia has increased quite significantly along with the increase in the number of private cars and motorbikes. Limited supplies of petroleum reserves and environmental problems have caused countries in the world to start switching to the production or use of biofuels. One biofuel that can replace fossil fuels is biobutanol which is made by fermenting of…
Methyl Methacrylate is a chemical with organic components for leather coatings, the cosmetics industry, the paint industry, the household equipment industry, the polymer industry and for other industries. The manufacture of Methyl Methacrylate at this factory uses the ACH process. This factory is planned to operate for 330 days per year and work continuously 24 hours/day with a capaci…
Toluena (toluol, methylbenzene, phenylmethane) is an organic solvent widely used in many industrial processes including plastics production, chemical synthesis and gasoline manufacturing. Toluena oxidation technology is used to convert toluena into benzoic acid. The main raw materials used in the production of benzoic acid are toluena and oxygen. The selected process used for the product…
Indonesia, as a developing country, continues to experience growth in various sectors, including the chemical industry. Catechol, as a vital component in the chemical industry, draws special attention due to its significant market growth, reaching USD 155.4 million by 2027. Dependence on catechol imports in Indonesia reached 955,184 kg in 2021, as there are no catechol production plants…
T-Butyl Alcohol was one of the four isomers of Butanol which was also known by the name of t-Butyl Alcohol, 2-Methyl-2-Propanol, Trimethyl Carbinol, often abbreviated by the name TBA and has the molecular formula C4H9OH. The process of making t-butyl alcohol was carried out by reacting isobutene and water added to the dowex 50 catalyst in the reactor and separated on a flash drum (FD- …
Polyethylene terephthalate (abbreviated as PET, PETE or formerly PETP, PETP) is a thermoplastic plastic polymer resin of the polyester group. The process of making polyethylene terephthalate at this factory uses a direct esterification process (TA process). The raw materials used are ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid and antimony trioxide catalysts. The established plant will operate fo…
Acrylic acid is an important chemical in the industrial world because acrylic acid is an intermediate chemical that is widely used in industrial production processes and consumer products. Acrylic acid is mainly used as a raw material in the manufacture of acrylic esters, as a monomer for polyacrylic acid and its salts, as a comonomer for use as a flocculent and ion exchange resin polym…
Adipic acid is generally produced as a raw material for making nylon and fiber. The purpose of establishing an adipic acid plant is to meet the domestic demand for adipic acid so as to reduce the amount of imports. Adipic acid is produced through Cyclohexane oxidation process and KA oil oxidation process. The cyclohexane oxidation process takes place in a bubble reactor at 139°C and 3 …
Benzotrichloride was a derivative of toluene. Benzotrichloride was widely used in the synthetic dye industry, organic synthesis, as an intermediate in the chemical industry, in the production of benzoyl chloride, chlorinated toluenes, benzotrifluoride, benzoic acid, and as an intermediate for dyes. The demand for benzotrichloride in Indonesia and globally continued to increase, giving t…
Imports of caprolactam for domestic fulfillment have reached 30,000 to 35,000 tons per year over the last five years. Caprolactam is produced using the Toyo Rayon Photonitrosation process which converts cyclohexane into cyclohexanone oxime through an oximation reaction between cyclohexane and nitrosyl chloride in a photonitrosation reactor (R-101), then reacted again with trifluoroaceti…
Methyl Methacrylate is a chemical with organic components for leather coatings, the cosmetics industry, the paint industry, the household equipment industry, the polymer industry and for other industries. The manufacture of Methyl Methacrylate at this factory uses the Direct Oxidative Esterification process. This factory is planned to operate for 30 days per year and work continuously 2…
Preliminary Design of Propylene Oxide Plant Using Epoxidation Process With The Main Equipment Design of Propylene Oxide Distillation Column (T-401) Propylene oxide is a compound used as a reaction intermediate in the production of polyether polyol, propylene glycol, ether glycol and ethylene glycol. Supply for propylene oxide in Indonesia is by importing from Germany, Singapore, Japan a…