Perbedaan Gambaran Hasil Pengukuran Spirometri Pada Mahasiswa Laki-Laki Perok…

Smoking is the main risk factor for many cardiovascular and respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and cancers in the respiratory system. More than a third of the Indonesian population are smokers, and medical students in Indonesia are not exempt from this tobacco epidemic. Smoking may decrease results of spirometry tests as the standard test for evaluating l…