Pengaruh Fear Effect Pada Model Predator-Prey Holling Tipe-Iii Dengan Perlind…

The Lotka-Volterra model describes predator-prey interactions, which is then modified using the Holling type-III functional response by incorporating the phenomena of fear effect and prey refuge. In the studied model, three equili- brium points are obtained: the extinction equilibrium, which is a saddle point; the predator-free equilibrium, which can be either a saddle or a locally asymp- totic…