the effect of using duolingo as a gamification app on junior high school stud…

This study aims to investigate the effect of using Duolingo as a gamification app on junior high school students’ self-directed learning ability and writing skills. It also explores the students’ perception of their self-directed learning ability after using Duolingo in an out-of-class context. By focusing on both cognitive outcomes (writing skills) and affective-behavioral aspects (self-di…