pengaruh pemberian nano kurkumin terhadap ekspresi cyclooxygenase-2 dan inter…

Hemorrhoid is anorectal disorder characterized by venous dilation, inflammation, and structural damage to the supporting tissues of the anus. Inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 (pro-inflammatory) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) play key roles in their pathogenesis and serve as biomarkers for disease progression and therapeutic response. Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has known anti-…