CD Tesis

optimasi bio-oil hasil proses katalitik pirolisis palm kernel expeller (pke) menggunakan katalis nImO/nza dengan pendekatan rsm

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Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE), a by-product of palm oil milling, is a lignocellulosic biomass with high potential as a renewable energy source. However, the direct pyrolysis of PKE often yields bio-oil with poor fuel properties due to its high oxygen content, necessitating catalytic upgrading strategies.
This study aims to optimize the yield and energy quality of bio-oil derived from the catalytic pyrolysis of PKE using a NiMo/Natural Zeolite (NiMo/NZA) catalyst. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal conditions by varying temperature, metal loading, and catalyst concentration.
The NiMo/NZA catalyst was synthesized via wet impregnation of nickel and molybdenum onto acid-activated natural zeolite, followed by calcination. Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of active metal-oxide sites while preserving the zeolite framework. Catalytic pyrolysis was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor under nitrogen flow, with variations in temperature (400–500 °C), metal loading (0–4 wt%), and catalyst percentage (2–6 wt%). Yield and calorific value were used as key response variables. GC-MS analysis was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of bio-oil.
The highest bio-oil yield (50.68%) was obtained at 400 °C with 6% catalyst and no metal loading, whereas the highest calorific value (32.02 MJ/kg) was recorded at 500 °C with 2% metal loading and 4% catalyst. GC-MS results indicated significant formation of aliphatic (n-butane, cyclooctane) and aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, phenol), along with esters and ketones, confirming effective deoxygenation and cracking reactions. The physical properties of the bio-oil, including density (1.152 g/cm³), viscosity (26.32 cSt), pH (2.8), and heating value, complied with ASTM D7544-23 standards for bio-oil Grade G and D. The RSM predictive model demonstrated excellent agreement, with R² values of 0.94 for yield and 0.92 for calorific value. The response equations obtained were: Yield (Y₁) = 38.99 + 1.1125A + 1.63B + 1.72C + 1.35AB − 0.5725AC − 1.72BC + 0.075A² − 0.1675B² + 3.76C², & Energy value (Y₂) = 32.484 + 0.324326A + 0.14875B + 1.814C − 0.3AB + 0.418652AC + 0.4825BC − 0.903004A² − 2.131B² − 1.2505C². The optimal conditions were found at a temperature of 476–493 °C, metal loading of 2.22–2.32% w/t, and catalyst concentration of 5.94–6%, with a desirability value of 1.00.
The NiMo/NZA catalyst was successfully synthesized and exhibited high catalytic activity in the pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE). The resulting bio-oil met the physicochemical quality standards of bio-based fuel. The mathematical model developed provides a reliable prediction for industrial-scale implementation. This research supports the potential of converting palm oil waste into an economical and environmentally friendly renewable fuel.
Keywords : Bio-Oil; Catalytic Pyrolysis; Palm Kernel Expeller; NiMo/NZA; Response Surface Methodology; Renewable energy.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

2310246314

Penerbit

Pekanbaru : UNRI – PASCA – Magister Teknik Kimia., 2025

Deskripsi Fisik

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Bahasa

Indonesia

ISBN/ISSN

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Klasifikasi

2310246314

Tipe Isi

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Tipe Media

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Tipe Pembawa

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Edisi

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Subjek

Magister Teknik Kimia

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

Rahmat

Versi lain/terkait

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