The difficulty of students understanding concepts in learning chemistry makes students' understanding of concepts low. This study aims to determine the improvement of students' understanding of the concept of buffer solution by applying the Search, Solve, Create, and Share learning model. The research method used was experimental research with a randomized controlled pretest-posttest design. Th…
This study aims to improve the learning activity and achievement of students in class XI.1 of SMAN 1 Kampar Kiri on the topic of buffer solutions through the implementation of the Discovery Learning model assisted by Learning Videos. The background of this study is the low level of student engagement and achievement, as indicated by an average daily test score of 50 on acid-base material, which…
This study aims to determine the improvement of the Introduction, Connection, Application, and Reflection (ICARE) learning model in improving students' conceptual understanding of the topic of buffer solutions. This type of research is an experimental study with a randomized control pretest posttest design, which was conducted on two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The res…
ABSTRACT Caprolactam is an organic compound with the chemical formula (C6H11NO). At room conditions, caprolactam is a crystalline solid, white in color, and has a distinctive odor. Caprolactam is categorized into industrial products, because it is used in the textile industry as an ingredient in the manufacture of nylon-6, which is the starting material for making synthetic fibers. The need fo…
ABSTRACT Butyraldehyde is a colorless liquid chemical with the chemical formula C4H8O. n-Butyraldehyde is a primary aldehyde compound that has many applications in various industrial sectors. n-Butyraldehyde is widely used as a raw material for the production of Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB), butyric acid and butyric anhydride, textiles and perfumes, as well as solvents. The demand for n-butyraldeh…
ABSTRACT Hydrogen peroxide is widely used as an oxidant, bleaching agent, disinfectant, polymer initiator, and cross-linker in various fields, such as papermaking, textiles, chemical synthesis, military, electronics, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, environmental protection, and metallurgy. Hydrogen peroxide production in Indonesia reaches 110,000 tons per year, which is insufficient to meet …
ABSTRACT Urea is a strategic nitrogen-based petrochemical product used in both the agricultural and industrial sectors as a raw material for resins, adhesives, and plastics. In addition, in the automotive sector, urea is utilized in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Global urea demand is projected to continue increasing with a Compoun…
ABSTRACT Dimethyl ether (DME) is a simple ether compound used as a raw material in industry and as a fuel. DME is a colorless gas with an ether-like odor that is soluble in both water and oil. It is non-carcinogenic, non-teratogenic, non-mutagenic, and non-toxic, demonstrating its environmental friendliness because its combustion does not produce sulfur oxides (SOx) or smoke, and produces very…
ABSTRACT Paraxylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound with molecular formula C8H10. Paraxylene is used as a raw material for several end products such as pure terephthalic acid (PTA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). Terephthalic acid (PTA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) can be processed as materials for the plastic and textile industries. In addition, paraxylene is used as a resin materi…
ABSTRACT ABS (Acrylonitrile Polybutadiene Styrene) is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of three different monomers namely acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. In 2022, Indonesia imported Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) as much as 61,406,557 tons/year. This factory proposal aims to produce ABS as much as 35,000 tons/year in order to reduce the amount of domestic imports, increase fore…
ABSTRACT Formic acid is used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in animal feed, as a coagulant in the rubber industry, as a raw material for leather tanning and textile processes, and as a reducing agent in various chemical reactions. The demand for formic acid in Indonesia in 2023 is 3,444,836 tons and is projected to increase by 14,323 tons by 2032. The plant design aims to produce fo…
ABSTRACT Hexene-1 is a linear, unbranched isomer of hexene with the chemical formula C6H12. Hexene-1 is a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor, soluble in most organic solvents but insoluble in water. Hexene-1 also provides tear resistance and other desirable properties to polyethylene, thus its main use as a comonomer in the production of High Density PolyEthylene (HDPE) and Line…
ABSTRACT Paraxylene (C₈H₁₀) is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound widely used as the primary raw material in the production of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) for the manufacture of polyester and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Paraxylene derivatives are extensively applied in the textile fiber, film, resin, packaging plastic, and chemical additive in…
ABSTRACT The increasing demand for basic chemicals has prompted Indonesia to produce its own chemicals, which until now have been imported. One example is acrolein, which according to data from the Central Statistics Agency (2023), Indonesia still imports around 2,098,592 kg/year. Acrolein is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde (C₃H₄O) that plays an important role as a raw material for vario…
ABSTRACT Betaine surfactant is an amphoteric surfactant containing both positive and negative ions in its hydrophilic portion. Betaine surfactant is an industrial product. It is used as a foam enhancer and as an ingredient in various skincare products, such as shampoo, shower gel, and cosmetics, and is safe for sensitive skin. Surfactant production in Indonesia reaches 70,000 tons per year, wh…
ABSTRACT Nitric acid (HNO₃) is a crucial industrial chemical widely used in various sectors, particularly as a raw material for producing ammonium nitrate fertilizers, explosives, and in the metal industry. The increasing demand for nitric acid in Indonesia each year is not aligned with the still limited domestic production capacity, causing Indonesia to rely on imports to meet national need…
ABSTRACT Acetic acid is an essential chemical widely used across various industries. It is utilized in the production of polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), cellulose acetate, and polyvinyl acetate, as well as in various types of fibers and textiles. In addition, acetic acid serves as an acidity regulator in the food industry, a raw material in chemical industries such as Purifi…
ABSTRACT Hydrogen peroxide is widely used as an oxidant, bleaching agent, disinfectant, polymer initiator, and cross-linker in various fields, such as papermaking, textiles, chemical synthesis, military, electronics, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, environmental protection, and metallurgy. Hydrogen peroxide production in Indonesia reaches 110,000 tons per year, which is insufficient to meet …
ABSTRACT Phthalic anhydride (C8H4O3) is a chemical used in the manufacture of plastics and polymers. One of its main applications is as a raw material for the production of plasticizers, unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, and other derivative products. Indonesia's phthalic anhydride needs are met by PT Petrowidada in Gresik, Indonesia, with a production capacity of 70,000 tons/yea…
Anandathov Kiswara ABSTRACT Caprolactam is an organic compound with the chemical formula (C6H11NO). At room temperature, caprolactam is a white crystalline solid with a distinctive odor. Caprolactam is categorized as an industrial product because it is used in the textile industry as a raw material for the manufacture of nylon-6, which is the starting material for the manufacture of synthetic…