optimasi bio-oil hasil proses katalitik pirolisis palm kernel expeller (pke) …

Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE), a by-product of palm oil milling, is a lignocellulosic biomass with high potential as a renewable energy source. However, the direct pyrolysis of PKE often yields bio-oil with poor fuel properties due to its high oxygen content, necessitating catalytic upgrading strategies. This study aims to optimize the yield and energy quality of bio-oil derived from the catalyti…