ABSTRACT Partial shading conditions (PSC) are a major challenge in photovoltaic (PV) systems because they create multiple local maximum power points (LMPPs) and a single global maximum power point (GMPP), causing conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms such as Perturb and Observe (P&O) to become trapped at an LMPP and reduce power extraction. This study aims to design and a…